INVESTIGATION SYSTEM CONCEPT
•Gaps differences (gaps) between the purpose of the system and actual system conditions.
•Reports detection problem is not really real: Destination is too ideal, and the lack of resources or attitudes, less accurate measurement system, a system already Purpose behind, The difference between the system and the system ideal while.
•Problem solving: Under the system that is running: a detailed investigation, Obtaining consensus that the ideal system, some alternative Developing, Selecting the best alternative.
•The goal is the investigation indicates the problem actually occurs.
CONSTRAINTS SYSTEM IN INVESTIGATION
In doing some investigation, the constraints that often appears is the time, cost, knowledge, political interference.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Results of the investigation is a recommendation that includes among others the following: Not to take any action -> not found any problems, Conducting system maintenance -> problems that small, capacity or skills of the user, modifications Consider the total system, Putting the problem to occur in development plan system is immediately done.
TRICK INVESTIGATION
•Required for Trick: Find all of the issues, Knowing the causes of the emergence of problems, Determining the right solution.
•Done so that all elements of the system can receive a quote a solution without disrupting their activities.
•Some of the tactics that can be done include: Listen to opinions of the system, Do not give the early breakthrough, Comparing the story of some people against the system the same case, the problem Note logical inconsistencies.
ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION
Can be done in two ways, namely: Direct (questionnaire, FAQ's, Observations), No Direct (Flow procedure, Learning documents, sample, Tabular).
WHEN THIS SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Input, Output, File, Data Elements, Volume Transaction and document actions, data flow diagram.
NEEDS ANALYSIS
•Goals to be achieved: Explaining the complete system, describes the ideal information systems, information systems Bringing the ideal conditions at this time to pay attention to the constraints of resources, to give impetus to the confidence in the development of this system.
•Method: Interview,question fill, Observation, analysis procedure, Observation document.
•Constraints of resources: time, money, expertise, technology, External Factors.
•Document the needs analysis: analysis of referrals (Relationships with end users, the observation process, problems in data collection), Needs user (actual requirements, reporting requirements, training needs and the influence of the new system), system constraints (Explain the cost and time constraints, expertise, technology and external factors), the form document data collection instruments, statistical consensus, the logical flow of data and the physical, data elements in the initial data dictionary.
GENERATING SYSTEMS ALTERNATIVES
•How to approach the condition of the system at this time with the condition of the ideal system: Create an alternative to solve the problem of information systems, best alternative is applied wisely.
•Options Strategies: Distributed versus centralized processing; Changes centralized decision-making information from data processing to the end user Decentralized responsibility center. Integrated versus dispersed database; system designer must consider the data are entered in the data base and into the file. Surround System of Strategy Development, Environmental around important strategy in the case of company takeovers because the information system of other companies may vary with the company at this time.
•Options Trick : Selection is done before the design operational
•Designing Operational Options
Options can be grouped into the design: Input; Online Vs Off Line Data Entry, Keyed Vs Machine Readable Data Entry, Centralized Vs Decentralized Data Entry. Processing; Batch Vs Real time record update, Sequential Vs Direct Access to records, Single Vs Multiple Users update of records. Output; Traditional Vs Turn Around Documents, Structured Vs Inquiry-based reports.
SELECTING THE PROPER SYSTEM
•Trick compare
System based on the comparison of costs and benefits relative. There are 3 ways a system said the system is superior to the other if: A has a lower cost of the benefit of both B and the same, have a cost lower than a B and a profit of more than B, A and B have the same cost advantage produced a lot more.
•Some Comparasi System Method: Break Even point Analyisis, Payback Period, discounted payback period, Internal Rate of Return
•Cost categories: Hardware, Software, People, Suppliers, Telecommunications, Physical sites
•Cost Details
Comparing the cost of information systems through the life of the system, analysts give a description how the cost changes for the future and there are 3 models cost information system, namely Linear, and exponentially Step Function
•The cost of information system can occur only once and can also occur on an ongoing basis. Cost information system that occur only once the cost on time and development costs that occur during the development of the system. Cost information system that occur continuously among recuring cost and operational cost where the cost of this is the case when the operating system information every day.
FACTORS INTO INFORMATION SYSTEM
Qualitative factors that lead the performance of a good information system are: Reducing the level of error, Reducing the time to fix the error, Reducing the response time from the workstation alternatives, Accelerating the provision of information, Improving the security system, have update the source record is active, the user satisfaction Increase
FACTORS INTO CORPORATE STRATEGY
Customer satisfaction, increased sales Level, Commitment, and consumer vendor, product marketing information
PRESENTING LEARNING SYSTEM
Make short presentations, Reducing the technical detail explanation, Presenting clearly with visual aids, using a model If the tools used such as a laptop so that more informative, Emphasize the benefits of the proposed system with some alternative information that is appropriate conditions experienced by the company.
CONTINUING DECISION OR NOT
If the company decided to develop the information system, the department will do next, namely the System Design Process. If then the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) will be terminated. Often the problem will be found with the system and the study and top management will usually ask for the re-employment system to study. Model will describe some of the stages of the repeated and sometimes the information will make a decision before the repeat stage system of study. With the alternative, the decision to repeat a previous stage SDLC or not called Go-No-Go Decision
Kamis, Maret 26, 2009
Sabtu, Maret 07, 2009
PUBLIC EVALUATION OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
In development a system, this means compiling new system to replace system old ones. This is some factor influencing the importance of system innovated or changed, that is:
1.Problems
Problem can be in the form of:
a.Not all right
This matter can cause old system cannot operate as according to what expected, like:
•Which can insincerity result is not peaceful him properties of truth and company of data less well guaranted
•Mistake causing data not true and less well guaranted.
•Inefficient operation.
•Not adhere wisdom of management which have been specified.
b.Growth of Organization.
Growth organization cause have to compile of new system. This growth like requirement of information which will progressively wide, data-processing volume progressively mount, change principle of new accounting. All this result old system is not effective again.
2.Opportunities
Speed of time efficiency or information very determining success or failure of plan and strategy which have been made arrangements for to reach for existing opportunity
3.Directives
Compilation of new system earn also happened caused by instructions of head superior and or from outside organization, like for example regulation of government
TARGET OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
•Solving problems
•Reach for opportunity.
•Fulfilling given instruction.
EXPECTATION AFTER NEW SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT.
•Performance
Increase of performance in new system should be effective. Performance can be calculate from the troughput and response time. Troughput are how many work that already done in a time. Response time are how many hour that you spand between two transaction or work plus with time response for respected that work.
•Information
Update the quality information.
•Economy
Upgrading about the important thing or profit the cost.
•Control
To the detection and repairing the mistake
•Efficiency
Upgrade the benefit or profit or lowering the cost. Upgrade about the operation efficiency. Efficient different with economy. So economy had related with how the source already in use with the minimum cost.
•Services
Upgrading the service that already giving from the system. For the example: Long time a go every body waiting for paying electricity tax, but the new system only pay the tax online it’s more easy.
PRINCIPLE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT.
There are some principle in system development that is:
1.System for the management
After system have been developed, hence using information of system is management, so that system have to support requirement needed by management.
2.System are the big investor
Developed system require big capital fund. Capital investment have to consider two matter that is:
•All alternative which must the investigation of.
•best investment have to be valuable.
3.Developed system need one who is educated.
Human being represent especial factor which determine success or failure of a system, good in course of its development, its applying, and also in course of its operation. Hence from that needed one who is educated (work experience) using this system despitefully this people can give solution to problem of faced.
4.Step work and duties which must be done in course of development of system.
System Development Life Cycle generally show steps work and duty which must be done.
5.Process development of system do not have to massage
Steps can be done concurrently.
6.Do not fear to cancel project.
Project which have improper again, hence the project have to be discontinued or canceled. if this project remain to be continued hence will need expenditure of larger ones.
7.Documentation System.
Failure make documentation work is critical mistake which made by analyst of system. This documentation is made when process of development of system, because this documentation from result of activity every step of development of system. This documentation later used by communications materials between analyst of system with user of system and can be used to push involvement of user of system.
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL.
1.Waterfall
Representing phase for the shake of phase passed by have to await to finish previous phase him and walk successive which started from requirements. This process represent determination requirement of the overall of system to application. This matter of vital importance, because this represent step early in make of information system. continued to process of design, Implementation, Verification, All functions of software have to be tried, to avoid problem, and result him have to really as according to previous requirement. And last phase is Maintenance. Conservancy a software very needed and represent phase requiring time which is extra because can happened development process, there are relevant problems, addition of function.
2.Iterative
This model same as like waterfall, only recur implementation. Visible at picture. First started from phase initial planning that is determination of planning which can use as plan early from information system to be made. Continue to next phase to implementation phase. Difference of model of iterative with system of waterfall that is can be cycled again to get better system.
3.Spiral
Model of Spiral divided to become six duty regional that is: Communications customer, Planning. Analysis risked. Engineer, Constructed and launching. Evaluation Customer
First trajectory of rotation yield growth of product specification. Used Next rotation to develop a prototype, and progressively develop more sophisticated software version. Each trajectory which passing planning area yield adjustment at planning of project. Expense and schedule accommodate pursuant to got feed back of customer evaluation. Project manager will add the amount of restating matching with the one which required.
Advantage : Can be accommodate software to can wear further, More suited for system development and big scale software, Developer and user earn easier comprehend risk, Using prototype as mechanism reduction of risk and in each situation in product evolution, Remain to follow steps in classic life cycle and input into framework of iterative, Requiring direct consideration to technical risk so that lessen risk before becoming the serious problem.
APPROACH OF DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM.
1.Classical/Traditional/conventional approach versus Structured approach
Classical/Traditional/conventional approach
Representing approach in system development follow steps in cycle life system without supplied with standard techniques and appliances. But will be able to emerge problem in this approach like: development of software will become difficultly, expense of treatment or conservancy of system will be more be costly, possibility of mistake of big system, efficacy of system less well guaranty, internal issue applying of system.
Structured approach
This approach provided with techniques and appliances which required in system development, so that end result of developed system become goodness.
2.Piecemeal approach versus System approach
Piecemeal approach
Represent approach of system development emphasizing at a just certain application or activity. Regardless of target overall of from organization. This approach only paying attention target of just application or activity
System approach
This approach also emphasize at goal achievement of overall from organization, do not only emphasizing at target of just information system
3.Down-top approach versus Top-down approach
Down-top approach
Started from level under organization that is operational level where transaction conducted. This is approach represent classic approach marking which often referred with core of data of analysis.
Top-down approach
Started from level of organization that is level plan of strategy. This approach started from defining target, analysis requirement of information, afterwards go down to transaction process that is determination of output, input, virgin bases, operating procedures and control. This approach represent marking of approach of structure which referred as with term of decision analysis.
4.Total-System approach versus Modular approach
Total-System approach
Representing approach developing system at a time by totally. This approach represent classic approach marking.
Modular approach
Modular approach try to solve complicated system become some part or simple module so that will be easy to comprehended and developed. Herewith system will be able to be developed nick of time which planned, easy to comprehend by user of system and easy to looked after. This approach represent marking of approach of structure.
5.Great loop approach versus Evolutionary approach
Great loop approach
Applying change by totally use sophisticated technology like computer. This approach using many fund because too costly. This approach also difficult to be developed because too complex
Evolutionary approach
Applying sophisticated technology for just certain applications. This approach develop to follow its requirement as according to growth of existing technology despitefully this approach cost effective and can keep abreast of technology which quickly.
METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM.
Methodologies is unity of methods, procedures and work concepts of used by science, artistic or other discipline.
Method is way of systematic to do something or way of to develop a[n information system.
Algorithm represent procedure sequences to solve problem
Classification Methodology Development System
•Decomposition methodologies Functional.
Emphasizing resolving of system become subsystem. Which including in it is HIPO, Stepwise refinement, iterative stepwise refinement, information hiding
•Methodologies Data-oriented.
Emphasizing at processed data characteristic
oData-flow oriented: modules according to data element type (SADT, Composite design, SSAD)
oData-structure oriented: input structure and output (JSD, W/O)
•Prescriptive
Which the included in this methodologies is ISDOS, PRIDE, SPECTRUM, SRES and SREM, etcetera
Appliance and technique in system development.
Used appliance generally in the form of graph like HIPO, DFD, structured chart, SADT, W/O, Jakson’s Diagram.
While used technique that is Technique management project : for schedule of project(CPM and PERT), Technique find fact : to collect and determine data ( Observation and interview), Technique cost analysis / benefit : and cost-benefit of cost-effectiveness analysis, Technique run meeting, Inspection technique.
Difference between Analyst System & Programmer.
System analyst: studying problems and determine requirement of user of system undertake to link difference of knowledge that happened between user of and system of programmer
Programmer: writing program code pursuant to designing to wake up made by analyst
Knowledge and skill required.
•Technological data processing, and computer of programmer
•Knowledge of business in general
•Quantitative Method : regresi, linear programming
•Skill of trouble-shooting
•Skill of communications between personnel
•Skill of construct relation between personnel
1.Problems
Problem can be in the form of:
a.Not all right
This matter can cause old system cannot operate as according to what expected, like:
•Which can insincerity result is not peaceful him properties of truth and company of data less well guaranted
•Mistake causing data not true and less well guaranted.
•Inefficient operation.
•Not adhere wisdom of management which have been specified.
b.Growth of Organization.
Growth organization cause have to compile of new system. This growth like requirement of information which will progressively wide, data-processing volume progressively mount, change principle of new accounting. All this result old system is not effective again.
2.Opportunities
Speed of time efficiency or information very determining success or failure of plan and strategy which have been made arrangements for to reach for existing opportunity
3.Directives
Compilation of new system earn also happened caused by instructions of head superior and or from outside organization, like for example regulation of government
TARGET OF SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
•Solving problems
•Reach for opportunity.
•Fulfilling given instruction.
EXPECTATION AFTER NEW SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT.
•Performance
Increase of performance in new system should be effective. Performance can be calculate from the troughput and response time. Troughput are how many work that already done in a time. Response time are how many hour that you spand between two transaction or work plus with time response for respected that work.
•Information
Update the quality information.
•Economy
Upgrading about the important thing or profit the cost.
•Control
To the detection and repairing the mistake
•Efficiency
Upgrade the benefit or profit or lowering the cost. Upgrade about the operation efficiency. Efficient different with economy. So economy had related with how the source already in use with the minimum cost.
•Services
Upgrading the service that already giving from the system. For the example: Long time a go every body waiting for paying electricity tax, but the new system only pay the tax online it’s more easy.
PRINCIPLE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT.
There are some principle in system development that is:
1.System for the management
After system have been developed, hence using information of system is management, so that system have to support requirement needed by management.
2.System are the big investor
Developed system require big capital fund. Capital investment have to consider two matter that is:
•All alternative which must the investigation of.
•best investment have to be valuable.
3.Developed system need one who is educated.
Human being represent especial factor which determine success or failure of a system, good in course of its development, its applying, and also in course of its operation. Hence from that needed one who is educated (work experience) using this system despitefully this people can give solution to problem of faced.
4.Step work and duties which must be done in course of development of system.
System Development Life Cycle generally show steps work and duty which must be done.
5.Process development of system do not have to massage
Steps can be done concurrently.
6.Do not fear to cancel project.
Project which have improper again, hence the project have to be discontinued or canceled. if this project remain to be continued hence will need expenditure of larger ones.
7.Documentation System.
Failure make documentation work is critical mistake which made by analyst of system. This documentation is made when process of development of system, because this documentation from result of activity every step of development of system. This documentation later used by communications materials between analyst of system with user of system and can be used to push involvement of user of system.
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL.
1.Waterfall
Representing phase for the shake of phase passed by have to await to finish previous phase him and walk successive which started from requirements. This process represent determination requirement of the overall of system to application. This matter of vital importance, because this represent step early in make of information system. continued to process of design, Implementation, Verification, All functions of software have to be tried, to avoid problem, and result him have to really as according to previous requirement. And last phase is Maintenance. Conservancy a software very needed and represent phase requiring time which is extra because can happened development process, there are relevant problems, addition of function.
2.Iterative
This model same as like waterfall, only recur implementation. Visible at picture. First started from phase initial planning that is determination of planning which can use as plan early from information system to be made. Continue to next phase to implementation phase. Difference of model of iterative with system of waterfall that is can be cycled again to get better system.
3.Spiral
Model of Spiral divided to become six duty regional that is: Communications customer, Planning. Analysis risked. Engineer, Constructed and launching. Evaluation Customer
First trajectory of rotation yield growth of product specification. Used Next rotation to develop a prototype, and progressively develop more sophisticated software version. Each trajectory which passing planning area yield adjustment at planning of project. Expense and schedule accommodate pursuant to got feed back of customer evaluation. Project manager will add the amount of restating matching with the one which required.
Advantage : Can be accommodate software to can wear further, More suited for system development and big scale software, Developer and user earn easier comprehend risk, Using prototype as mechanism reduction of risk and in each situation in product evolution, Remain to follow steps in classic life cycle and input into framework of iterative, Requiring direct consideration to technical risk so that lessen risk before becoming the serious problem.
APPROACH OF DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM.
1.Classical/Traditional/conventional approach versus Structured approach
Classical/Traditional/conventional approach
Representing approach in system development follow steps in cycle life system without supplied with standard techniques and appliances. But will be able to emerge problem in this approach like: development of software will become difficultly, expense of treatment or conservancy of system will be more be costly, possibility of mistake of big system, efficacy of system less well guaranty, internal issue applying of system.
Structured approach
This approach provided with techniques and appliances which required in system development, so that end result of developed system become goodness.
2.Piecemeal approach versus System approach
Piecemeal approach
Represent approach of system development emphasizing at a just certain application or activity. Regardless of target overall of from organization. This approach only paying attention target of just application or activity
System approach
This approach also emphasize at goal achievement of overall from organization, do not only emphasizing at target of just information system
3.Down-top approach versus Top-down approach
Down-top approach
Started from level under organization that is operational level where transaction conducted. This is approach represent classic approach marking which often referred with core of data of analysis.
Top-down approach
Started from level of organization that is level plan of strategy. This approach started from defining target, analysis requirement of information, afterwards go down to transaction process that is determination of output, input, virgin bases, operating procedures and control. This approach represent marking of approach of structure which referred as with term of decision analysis.
4.Total-System approach versus Modular approach
Total-System approach
Representing approach developing system at a time by totally. This approach represent classic approach marking.
Modular approach
Modular approach try to solve complicated system become some part or simple module so that will be easy to comprehended and developed. Herewith system will be able to be developed nick of time which planned, easy to comprehend by user of system and easy to looked after. This approach represent marking of approach of structure.
5.Great loop approach versus Evolutionary approach
Great loop approach
Applying change by totally use sophisticated technology like computer. This approach using many fund because too costly. This approach also difficult to be developed because too complex
Evolutionary approach
Applying sophisticated technology for just certain applications. This approach develop to follow its requirement as according to growth of existing technology despitefully this approach cost effective and can keep abreast of technology which quickly.
METHODOLOGY DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM.
Methodologies is unity of methods, procedures and work concepts of used by science, artistic or other discipline.
Method is way of systematic to do something or way of to develop a[n information system.
Algorithm represent procedure sequences to solve problem
Classification Methodology Development System
•Decomposition methodologies Functional.
Emphasizing resolving of system become subsystem. Which including in it is HIPO, Stepwise refinement, iterative stepwise refinement, information hiding
•Methodologies Data-oriented.
Emphasizing at processed data characteristic
oData-flow oriented: modules according to data element type (SADT, Composite design, SSAD)
oData-structure oriented: input structure and output (JSD, W/O)
•Prescriptive
Which the included in this methodologies is ISDOS, PRIDE, SPECTRUM, SRES and SREM, etcetera
Appliance and technique in system development.
Used appliance generally in the form of graph like HIPO, DFD, structured chart, SADT, W/O, Jakson’s Diagram.
While used technique that is Technique management project : for schedule of project(CPM and PERT), Technique find fact : to collect and determine data ( Observation and interview), Technique cost analysis / benefit : and cost-benefit of cost-effectiveness analysis, Technique run meeting, Inspection technique.
Difference between Analyst System & Programmer.
System analyst: studying problems and determine requirement of user of system undertake to link difference of knowledge that happened between user of and system of programmer
Programmer: writing program code pursuant to designing to wake up made by analyst
Knowledge and skill required.
•Technological data processing, and computer of programmer
•Knowledge of business in general
•Quantitative Method : regresi, linear programming
•Skill of trouble-shooting
•Skill of communications between personnel
•Skill of construct relation between personnel
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